In typography Typography is the art and technique of arranging type, type design, and modifying type glyphs. Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety of illustration techniques. The arrangement of type involves the selection of typefaces, point size, line length, leading , adjusting the spaces between groups of letters (tracking) and adjusting the, leading (pronounced /ˈlɛdɪŋ/, rhymes with heading) refers to the amount of added vertical spacing between lines of type. In consumer-oriented word processing software, this concept is usually referred to as "line spacing" and the inclusion of a full line of space between each line is known as "double spacing", but in page layout Beginning from early illuminated pages in hand-copied books of the Middle Ages and proceeding down to intricate modern magazine and catalog layouts, proper page design has long been a consideration in printed material. With print media, elements usually consist of type , images (pictures), and occasionally place-holder graphics for elements that software such as QuarkXPress QuarkXPress is a computer application for creating and editing complex page layouts in a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) environment. It runs on Mac OS X and Windows. It was first released by Quark, Inc. in 1987 and is still owned and published by them and Adobe InDesign Adobe InDesign is a software application produced by Adobe Systems. It can be used to create works such as posters, flyers, brochures, magazines and books. Designers and graphics production artists are the principal users, creating and laying out periodical publications, posters, and print media. Longer documents are often still designed with the term "leading" is still used. Leading may sometimes be confused with tracking In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text, which refers to the horizontal spacing between letters or characters.

Origins

The word comes from lead Lead is a main-group element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air. Lead has a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a strips that were put between set lines. When type was set by hand in printing presses A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium , thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for texts, the invention and spread of the printing press are widely regarded as the most influential event in the second millennium AD, revolutionizing the way people conceive and describe, slugs or strips of lead Lead is a main-group element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air. Lead has a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a (reglets) of appropriate thicknesses were inserted between lines of type to add vertical space, to fill available space on the page.

Text set "solid" (no leading) appears cramped, with ascenders In typography, an ascender is the portion of a minuscule letter in a Latin-derived alphabet that extends above the mean line of a font. That is, the part of a lower-case letter that is taller than the font's x-height almost touching descenders In typography, a descender is the portion of a letter in a Latin alphabet that extends below the baseline of a font from the previous line. The lack of white space between lines makes it difficult for the eye to track from one line to the next, and hampers readability Readability is defined as reading ease, especially as it results from a writing style. Extensive research has shown that easy-reading text improves comprehension, retention, reading speed, and reading persistence. Examinations of text readability provide information in comparing appropriateness of text content, both semantic and syntactic, for.

The following block of text has no leading:

Typography (Greek: typos "form", graphein "to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form.

This block of text set with 50% leading is easier to read:

Typography (Greek: typos "form", graphein "to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form.

This block of text at 100% leading is also easy to read, but makes less efficient use of vertical page space:

Typography (Greek: typos "form", graphein "to write") is the art and technique of setting written subject matter in type using a combination of typeface styles, point sizes, line lengths, line leading, character spacing, and word spacing to produce typeset artwork in physical or digital form.

In CSS Cascading Style Sheets is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation semantics (that is, the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can also be applied to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL, leading is implemented by creating a difference between the content height and the value of the line-height property. Half the leading is called the half-leading. User agents center glyphs vertically in an inline box, which adds half-leading on the top and bottom. For example, if a piece of text is '12px' high and the line-height value is '14px', 2pxs of extra space should be added: 1px above and 1px below the letters. (This applies to empty boxes as well, as if the empty box contained an infinitely narrow letter.)

Feathering

The leading may be increased to align the bottom line of text on a page in a process known as feathering,[1] carding, or vertical justification.

References

Typography Typography is the art and technique of arranging type, type design, and modifying type glyphs. Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety of illustration techniques. The arrangement of type involves the selection of typefaces, point size, line length, leading , adjusting the spaces between groups of letters (tracking) and adjusting the terminology
Page A page is one side of a leaf of paper. It can be used as a measurement of documenting or recording quantity Pagination Pagination is the system by which the information on a newspaper, bookpage, manuscript, or otherwise handwritten, printed or displayed document is laid out · Recto and verso The verso is the "back" side and the recto the "front" side of a leaf of paper in a bound item such as a book, broadsheet, or pamphlet. Thus in languages written from left to right , the recto is the right-hand page and the verso the left-hand page. These are terms of art in the binding, printing, and publishing industries, and · Margin In typography, a margin is the space that surrounds the content of a page. The margin helps to define where a line of text begins and ends. When a page is justified the text is spread out to be flush with the left and right margins. When two pages of content are combined next to each other , the space between the two pages is known as the gutter · Column In typography, a column is one or more vertical blocks of content positioned on a page, separated by margins and/or rules. Columns are most commonly used to break up large bodies of text that cannot fit in a single block of text on a page. Additionally, columns are used to improve page composition and readability. Newspapers very frequently use · Canons of page construction The canons of page construction are a set of principles in the field of book design used to describe the ways that page proportions, margins and type areas of books are constructed · Pull quote A pull quote is a quotation or edited excerpt from an article that is typically placed in a larger typeface on the same page, serving to lead readers into an article and to highlight a key topic. The term is principally used in journalism and publishing. Some publications choose not to align the pull quote with the columns on a page; in that case,
Paragraph A paragraph is a self-contained unit of a discourse in writing dealing with a particular point or idea. Paragraphs consist of one or more sentences. The start of a paragraph is indicated by beginning on a new line. Sometimes the first line is indented. At various times, the beginning of a paragraph has been indicated by the pilcrow: ¶ Widows and orphans In typesetting, widows and orphans are words or short lines at the beginning or end of a paragraph, which are left dangling at the top or bottom of a column, separated from the rest of the paragraph. There is some disagreement about the definitions of widow and orphan; what one source calls a widow the other calls an orphan. The Chicago Manual of · Leading · River In typography, rivers, or rivers of white, are visually unattractive gaps appearing to run down a paragraph of text. They can occur with any spacing, though they are most noticeable with wide inter-word spaces caused by either full text justification or monospaced fonts · Alignment In typesetting and page layout, alignment or range, is the setting of text flow or image placement relative to a page, column , table cell or tab. The type alignment setting is sometimes referred to as text alignment, text justification or type justification · Justification In typesetting, justification is the typographic alignment setting of text or images within a column or "measure" to align along both the left and right margin. Text set this way is said to be "justified"
Character A glyph is an element of writing. It is a slightly vague term, but a more precise definition might be an individual mark on paper or another written medium that contributes to the meaning of what is written there. A grapheme is made up of one or more glyphs Ligature In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes are joined as a single glyph. Ligatures usually replace consecutive characters sharing common components and are part of a more general class of glyphs called "contextual forms" where the specific shape of a letter depends on context such as surrounding letters or · Letter-spacing In typography, letter-spacing, also called tracking, refers to the amount of space between a group of letters to affect density in a line or block of text · Kerning The word kerning is a cognate of corner. In the days when all type was cast metal, a corner was notched to a consistent height on one or both sides of a letter-piece. Such notched pieces were only set against one another, not against unnotched ones, which had straight sides. The corner allowed for a character's features to reach into the area · Majuscule Capital letters or majuscules are the larger of two type faces in a script. In the Roman alphabet they are A, B, C, D, etc. They are also called capitals (caps) or upper case (uppercase). The latter name comes from manual typesetters, who kept them in the upper drawers of a desk or in the upper type case, while keeping the more frequently used · Minuscule Lower case , minuscule, or small letters are the smaller form of letters, as opposed to upper case or capital letters, as used in European alphabets (Greek, Latin, Cyrillic, and Armenian). For example, the letter "a" is lower case while the letter "A" is upper case · Small caps In typography, small capitals are uppercase (capital) characters set at the same height and weight as surrounding lowercase (small) letters or text figures. They are used in running text to prevent capitalized words from appearing too large on the page, and as a method of emphasis or distinctiveness for text alongside or instead of italics, or · CamelCase CamelCase —originally known as medial capitals—is the practice of writing compound words or phrases in which the elements are joined without spaces, with each element's initial letter capitalized within the compound, and the first letter is either upper or lower case—as in "LaBelle", BackColor, "McDonald's", or "iPod& · Initial In a written work, an initial is a letter at the beginning of a work, a chapter or a paragraph that is larger than the rest of the text. The word comes from the Latin initialis, which means standing at the beginning. It is often several lines in height and in older books or manuscripts sometimes ornately decorated · x-height In typography, the x-height or corpus size refers to the distance between the baseline and the mean line in a typeface. Typically, this is the height of the letter x in the font , as well as the u, v, w, and z. (Curved letters such as a, c, e, m, n, o, r and s tend to exceed the x-height slightly, due to overshoot.) However, in modern typography, · Overshoot · Baseline In typography and penmanship, the baseline is the line upon which most letters "sit" and below which descenders extend · Median In typography, the mean line, also known as midline, is the line that determines where non-ascending lowercase letters terminate in a typeface. The distance between the baseline and the mean line is called the x-height · Cap height In typography, cap height refers to the height of a capital letter above the baseline for a particular typeface. It specifically refers to the height of capital letters that are flat—such as H or I—as opposed to round letters such as O, or pointed letters like A, both of which may display overshoot. The height of the small letters is referred · Ascender In typography, an ascender is the portion of a minuscule letter in a Latin-derived alphabet that extends above the mean line of a font. That is, the part of a lower-case letter that is taller than the font's x-height · Descender In typography, a descender is the portion of a letter in a Latin alphabet that extends below the baseline of a font · Diacritics A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign) is an ancillary glyph added to a letter, or basic glyph. The term derives from the Greek διακριτικός (diakritikós, "distinguishing"). Diacritic is both an adjective and a noun, whereas diacritical is only an adjective. Some diacritical marks, such as the · Counter In typography, a counter or aperture is an area entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol . Letters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q. Letters containing open counters include c, f, h, i, s etc. The digits 0, 4, 6, 8, and 9 also possess a counter · Text figures Text figures are numerals typeset with varying heights in a fashion that resembles a typical line of running text, hence the name. This stands in contrast to lining, or titling figures, which are all of consistent height · Subscript and superscript A subscript or superscript is a number, figure, symbol, or indicator that appears smaller than the normal line of type and is set slightly below or above it – subscripts appear at or below the baseline, while superscripts are above. Subscripts and superscripts are perhaps best known for their use in formulas, mathematical expressions, and · Dingbat The term continues to be used in the computer industry to describe fonts that have symbols and shapes in the positions designated for alphabetical or numeric characters · Glyph A glyph is an element of writing. It is a slightly vague term, but a more precise definition might be an individual mark on paper or another written medium that contributes to the meaning of what is written there. A grapheme is made up of one or more glyphs
Font In typography, a font is traditionally defined as a quantity of sorts composing a complete character set of a single size and style of a particular typeface. For example, the set of all characters for 9-point Bulmer italic is a font, and the 10-point size would be a separate font, as would the 9-point upright Serif In typography, serifs are semi-structural details on the ends of some of the strokes that make up letters and symbols. A typeface that has serifs is called a serif typeface . A typeface without serifs is called sans-serif, from the French sans, meaning “without”. Some typography sources refer to sans-serif typefaces as "grotesque" ( · Sans-serif In typography, a sans-serif or sans serif typeface is one that does not have the small features called "serifs" at the end of strokes. The term comes from the Latin word "sine", via the French word sans, meaning "without" · Italic · Oblique · Emphasis (bold)
Classifications
Roman type Old style · Transitional · Modern · Slab serif · Sans-serif · Script
Blackletter type Textualis · Rotunda · Schwabacher · Fraktur
Gaelic type Angular · Uncial
Punctuation Hanging punctuation · Hyphenation · Quotation mark · Prime mark · Dashes
Typesetting Type design · Type foundry · Movable type · Calligraphy · Phototypesetting · Letterpress · Typeface · Font · Computer font · ETAOIN SHRDLU · Lorem ipsum · Punchcutting · Pangram
Typographic units Point · Pica · Cicero · Em · En · Agate · Measure
Digital typography Font formats · Typesetting software · Character encoding · Rasterization · Hinting

Categories: Typography | Whitespace

 

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'Leading' News
Elizabeth Warren leading choice for top US consumer post - Globe and Mail
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Elizabeth Warren leading choice for top US consumer post - Globe and Mail
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choice for top US consumer post Globe and Mail Elizabeth Warren, an Oklahoma native and Harvard law professor, is the leading candidate to head a new consumer protection agency in the US, a concept which ...
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Stairway leading to the lobby
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Ebook . Leading. indicator properties of US high - yield credit spreads - Free PDF Ebooks Files @AcrobatPlanet.​Com, provide free download PDF Ebook on the Web. Includes E-book Fictions, Adventure, Crime, Erotica, Fantasy, Historical, ...

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'Leading' Answers
What is the technique to leading a children's story time?
Q. I am going to be doing a children's story time at work, and heard that there is some sort of technique to leading a children's story time. Can anyone explain this technique that knows it and/or give me a link to a website that can explain it? Thanks The age group of kids will range from zero to 5 years old.
Asked by Madame Sosostris - Sun Jan 10 15:34:40 2010 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments

A. Everyone has their own technique. What age group/s are you going to be reading to. If the children are young the best thing to do is keep it interactive. Read the story and then point out the object you are going to say next. So if you were reading the cat in the hat, you would point to hat and ask them what that. After doing that 2 time they will catch on and watch you hands and listen to your words so they will be ready to say the next word. That is the technique I use. If it is a counting book point to the numbers and encourage them to count with you. Object identification and recognition is apart of development. Dont'for get each character needs their own voice and actually make the sounds like moo or knock when it says knocking.
Answered by JoKTM - Sun Jan 10 20:42:34 2010

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