A first language (also native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth.[1] The term is also used for the language that the speaker speaks best. In either case, a person's first language is a basis for sociolinguistic Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while identity Cultural identity is the identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as one is influenced by one's belonging to a group or culture. Cultural identity is similar to and has overlaps with, but is not synonymous with, identity politics. [2]
The term second language A second language is any language learned after the first language or mother tongue (L1). Some languages, often called auxiliary languages, are used primarily as second languages or lingua francas means the language one speaks less well than one's first language.
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Terminology
Sometimes the term native language is used to indicate a language that a person is as proficient in as a natural-born Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as President of the United States: inhabitant of that language's "base country," or as proficient as the average person who speaks no other language but that language.
Sometimes the term mother tongue or mother language is used for the language that a person learnt at home (usually from their parents). Children growing up in bilingual homes can, according to this definition, have more than one mother tongue.
In the context of population censuses conducted on the Canadian population, Statistics Canada Statistics Canada is the Canadian federal government agency commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture. The bureau is commonly called StatCan or StatsCan although StatCan is the official abbreviation. It has regularly been considered the best statistical defines mother tongue as "the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual at the time of the census."[3] It is quite possible that the first language learned is no longer a speaker's dominant language. Young immigrant children, whose families have moved to a new linguistic environment may lose, in part or in totality, the language they first acquired Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive, produce and use words to understand and communicate. This capacity involves the picking up of diverse capacities including syntax, phonetics, and an extensive vocabulary. This language might be vocal as with speech or manual as in sign. Language acquisition (see language attrition Language attrition is the loss of a first or second language or a portion of that language by individuals. Speakers who routinely use more than one language may not use either of their languages in ways which are exactly like that of a monolingual speaker. In sequential bilingualism, for example, there is often evidence of interference from the).
Mother tongue
The term "mother tongue" should not be interpreted to mean that it is the language of one's mother. In some paternal societies, the wife moves in with the husband and thus may have a different first language than the husband. Mother in this context probably originated from the use of "mother" as origin; as in mother-country or mother-land.
In some countries such as Kenya The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean, at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Ethiopia (north), Somalia (northeast), Tanzania (south), Uganda plus Lake Victoria (west), and Sudan (northwest). Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's and India India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the, "mother tongue" is used to indicate the language of one's ethnic group An ethnic group is a group of people whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage that is real or assumed- sharing cultural characteristics This shared heritage may be based upon putative common ancestry, history, kinship, religion, language, shared territory, nationality or physical appearance. Members of an ethnic group are (ethnic tongue), in both common and journalistic parlance (e.g. 'I have no apologies for not learning my mother tongue', rather than one's first language. Also in Singapore Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, 137 kilometres north of the equator, in the Southeast Asian region of the Asian continent. It is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north, and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to its south. A, "mother tongue" refers to the language of one's ethnic group An ethnic group is a group of people whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage that is real or assumed- sharing cultural characteristics This shared heritage may be based upon putative common ancestry, history, kinship, religion, language, shared territory, nationality or physical appearance. Members of an ethnic group are regardless of actual proficiency, while the "first language" refers to the English language, which is the lingua franca A lingua franca is a language systematically used to communicate between persons not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both persons' mother tongues for most post-independence Singaporeans due to its use as the language of instruction in government schools and as a working language.
International Mother Language Day Monument in Sydney, Australia, unveiling ceremony, 19 February 2006J. R. R. Tolkien John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, CBE , whose surname is pronounced /ˈtɒlkiːn/ (in General American also /ˈtoʊlkiːn/), was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion in his 1955 lecture "English and Welsh English and Welsh is the title of J. R. R. Tolkien's valedictory address to the University of Oxford of 1955. The lecture sheds light on Tolkien's conceptions of the connections of race, ethnicity and language" distinguishes the "native tongue" from the "cradle tongue," the latter being the language one happens to learn during early childhood, while one's true "native tongue" may be different, possibly determined by an inherited linguistic taste, and may later in life be discovered by a strong emotional affinity to a specific dialect (Tolkien personally confessed to such an affinity to the Middle English Middle English is the name given by historical linguists to the diverse forms of the English language in use between the late 11th century and about 1470, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in the late 1470s of the West Midlands The West Midlands is an official region of England, covering the western half of the area traditionally known as the Midlands. It contains the second most populous British city, Birmingham, and the larger West Midlands conurbation, which includes the city of Wolverhampton and large towns of Dudley, Solihull, Walsall and West Bromwich. The city of in particular).
21 February has been proclaimed the International Mother Language Day by UNESCO on 17 November 1999.
Significance
One´s mother tongue makes it possible for a child to take part in the knowledge of the social work. Another impact of the mother tongue is that it brings about the reflection and learning of successful social patterns of acting and speaking. It is basically responsible for differentiating the linguistic competence of acting.
But there are also many people who prefer to speak and communicate in their second language rather than their mother tongue. They feel more comfortable in the second language because their mother tongue might be very limited and does not provide a large number of words or expressions.
Language is a medium of communication within the family and society. Every tongue expresses the culture of society to the complete satisfaction of its members. The language an individual speaks is for him or her the most expressive and often the most beautiful of all languages.
If language is denied to anyone, the following experiment will show what happens. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen was Holy Roman Emperor (King of the Romans) from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy. At the age of three he was crowned King of (1194-1250), ordered some orphans to be brought to the palace where they should be observed while being brought up. He arranged every kind of physical care for the babies, but banned any kind of verbal or emotional physical contact. Thus he tried to find out which language the infants would speak naturally.
It was expected that it would be either Hebrew, Greek or Latin, formerly regarded as the original languages. But it was none of these languages nor was it the language of the children’s parents - the children did not speak any language at all: they died.
This unkind experiment shows, and it has been proved by several psychological studies, that language is not only a product of human life it is the prerequisite of it. Or in other words, human beings require a human relationship to survive. These children were neither exposed to non-verbal expressions of emotions such as gestures, nor to speech.
On multilinguality
One can have two or more native languages, thus being a native bilingual Multilingualism is the use of two or more languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers. Multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. The generic term for a multilingual person is polyglot or indeed multilingual Multilingualism is the use of two or more languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers. Multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world's population. The generic term for a multilingual person is polyglot. The order in which these languages are learned is not necessarily the order of proficiency. For instance, a French French is a Romance language spoken as a first language by about 136 million people worldwide. Around 190 million people speak French as a second language, and an additional 200 million speak it as an acquired foreign language. French speaking communities are present in 57 countries and territories. Most native speakers of the language live in-speaking couple might have a daughter who learned French first, then English English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into South-East Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria. Following the economic, political, military, scientific, cultural, and colonial influence of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from the 18th century, and of; but if she were to grow up in an English speaking country, she would likely be proficient in English. Another example is India India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the, where most people speak more than one language.
The Brazilian linguist Cleo Altenhofen considers the denomination "mother tongue" in its general usage to be imprecise and subject to various interpretations that are biased linguistically, especially with respect to bilingual children from ethnic minority groups. He cites his own experience as a bilingual speaker of Portuguese language Portuguese ( português or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated from a fusion of the dialect spoken in what is now Galicia and northern Portugal with closely related dialects spoken in territories to the south which had not yet been reconquered by the Christians to the Arabs by the time Portugal was born as a Christian kingdom and Riograndenser Hunsrückisch Riograndenser Hunsrückisch , spoken in parts of Brazil, is a Brazilian variation of the German dialect Hunsrückisch, a German-rooted language brought to southern Brazil by the first German immigrants. In his case, like that of many children whose home language differs from the language of the environment (the 'official' language), it is debatable which language is one's 'mother tongue'. Many scholars gave definitions of 'mother tongue' through the years based on common usage, the emotional relation of the speaker towards the language, and even its dominance in relation to the environment. However, all of these criteria lack precision.
Defining mother tongue
- Based on origin: the language(s) one learned first (the language(s) in which one has established the first long-lasting verbal contacts).
- Based on internal identification: the language(s) one identifies with/as a speaker of;
- Based on external identification: the language(s) one is identified with/as a speaker of, by others.
- Based on competence: the language(s) one knows best.
- Based on function: the language(s) one uses most.
See also
- Child Of Deaf Adult
- Human speechome project at MIT
- Third Culture Kids Since the term was coined by sociologist Ruth Hill Useem in the 1960s, TCKs have become a heavily studied global subculture. TCKs tend to have more in common with one another, regardless of nationality, than they do with non-TCKs from their own country
- List of languages by number of native speakers Since the definition of a single language is to some extent arbitrary, some mutually intelligible idioms with separate national standards or self-identification have been listed separately, depending on conventional use, including Scandinavian, Hindi/Urdu, Dutch and Afrikaans, Indonesian and Malay
References
- ^ Bloomfield, Leonard. Language ISBN 8120811968
- ^ "K*The Native Speaker: Myth and Reality By Alan Davies ISBN 1853596221[page needed]
- ^ "mother tongue". 2001 census. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Reference/dict/pop082.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-25. [unreliable source?]
Categories: Language acquisition Categories: Psycholinguistics | Language | Learning
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Krashen illustrate that some researchers suppose distinguish that children acquire . language. while adult learn it, but in his point view the adult also acquire . language. , but not like the . native. speakers. In The second hypotheses Krashen ...
Q. I learn English when I was 5 and I lost all my Chinese. I spoke only some chinese dialect and I don't know how to write Chinese letters or even watch chinese shows. I am comfortable with English...Im just curious what is my native language if I lost all my Chinese
Asked by J - Sun Nov 8 08:46:05 2009 - - 5 Answers - 0 Comments
A. you lost all your Chinese? then your native will be English. however, i'd recommend you to learn Chinese since you've learned it before, and since then, you should probably have all the basics. just make use of it, don't waste it.
Answered by BUbblegum pOp! - Sun Nov 8 09:50:30 2009
